A Spearman test was chosen for correlation estimation, and a Bland Altman analysis for repeated measures was used to verify bias and agreement of correlated variables.
Further, others have recently verified significant bias toward miRNA-mRNA-targets pairs being positively correlated using a empirical Bayes approach in Alzheimer's disease brain [33].
However, no general standards are extant that help countries facing low participation rates to analyze their data to verify the bias risk due to poor response rates.
Emergency room data are not yet available to all Italian regions; however, it was possible to verify the bias introduced in 10 regions for which data were available.
To verify that bias in our study did not lead to significant underestimation of the true financial cost of research misconduct, we attempted to identify several reasons why our calculations might be too low.
We have verified that the bias of the centralised estimator (y_{t}^{K}) is lesser than the bias of the estimator (y_{t}^{Mtimes N}), as predicted by the theoretical analysis, while (y_{t}^{Mtimes N}) attains a smaller empirical variance than (y_{t}^{K}) (at least for N<1600 and 40≤J≤100).
Indeed, we verified that the bias was effectively reduced (Figs. 3C and 6B), and the technical variability not amplified, since the deviation between technical replicates was not increased after BMIQ or in some cases was further reduced as compared with QN (Fig. 6A).
Also, when verifying the bias-corrected streamflow forecasts, the total skill was decomposed into contributions from the MEFP-GFS and the EnsPost.
However, to verify potential biases in our results, all data were reexamined without including the Mayer et al. [ 32] paper, and no differences were found.
Nevertheless, in case of more complex matrices (e.g., environmental samples or media used in (eco toxicological test systems or food), the suitability of the method has to be verified to avoid biases (by e.g., interactions of ENPs or the matrix with the membranes).
