This morphological defect might explain the poor verbal outcome in some cases of LKS.
For cognitive domains with sufficient data for conclusive results, significant differences between MCI and mild AD participants were found for memory, visual spatial, and verbal outcome parameters.
During practice, participants were provided only with verbal outcome feedback about directional error; one group trained perception and the second trained action, whereas the third group did not practice.
The Mindstreams verbal outcome parameter that discriminated best was accuracy on the naming portion of the Verbal Function test (AUC = 0.837); the best traditional verbal test was the COWA FS test (AUC = 0.768).
Stronger positive effects of these variables were seen for the verbal outcomes, but only the effect of paternal education was significant at the 5% level.
These results are important because, among monolinguals, weak vocabulary is associated with weaker academic performance, particularly on verbal outcomes such as reading comprehension (Hemphill & Tivnan, 2008; Muter, Hulme, Snowling, & Stevenson, 2004; Ricketts, Nation, & Bishop, 2007).
Greater pre- than postoperative activation in the ipsilateral posterior medial temporal lobe for encoding words correlated with better verbal memory outcome after left anterior temporal lobe resection.
The current postoperative follow-up study was concordant with these findings as greater pre- than postoperative activation within the ipsilateral posterior hippocampus correlated with better verbal memory outcome in patients with left TLE.
In the posterior medial temporal lobe there was a significant positive correlation, characterized by greater left than right posterior medial temporal lobe activation being correlated with better verbal memory outcome after left ATLR (R2 = 0.14, P = 0.04) (Fig. 3).
Inverse U curve was also shown to fit the data better than linear specification when testing the relationship between waist circumference and verbal reasoning outcome (for inverse U-curve shaped male: R = 0.02, P < 0.01; female: R = 0.02, P < 0.01; for linear specification: R = 0.018, P < 0.05; female: R = 0.01, P > 0.05).
In clinical neurosurgery, the same region has been regarded as an important language area the basal temporal language area (BTLA)—ever since electrical stimulation of this cortical region was found to impair reading and naming (Lüders et al. 1986 , 1991, and preservation of this area and its fiber pathway resulted in the better verbal memory outcome after neurosurgery (Mikuni et al. 2006).
