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However, as Dolores Hayden opines in The Power of Place, "the urban landscape is a repository of environmental memory far richer than any verbal codes" (Hayden 227).
We suggest that this finding may be due to the type of pseudowords employed in this study and the verbal codes attached to them.
Verbal stimuli were oriented to the left or to the right of the vertical plane, thus inevitably yielding the verbal codes "left" and "right".
It was further suggested that verbal codes may facilitate odor memory, although they were not considered as a prerequisite for successful recognition.
This prominent role of verbal codes for multiplication fact knowledge was further supported by more recent patient studies (e.g., [ 3, 5]) but only few experimental studies in healthy participants (e.g., [ 10]).
Abstract words do not have the same level of context surrounding them as their meaning is largely derived from other verbal codes and as such, they are not able to be processed as efficiently.
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Each feature type had verbal and visual subtypes: Unique features could be a visual part or a verbal code name, shared features could be a visual part or a verbal class name, and novel item features could be a visual part or a verbal class name.
Let us now consider the verbal code.
Mental images (as elements of the imagery code) represent what they are images of; mental words (when functioning as elements of the verbal code) represent what the words mean.
When Paivio initially developed Dual Coding Theory in the 1960s, however, psychological thinking was still dominated by neo-Behaviorism, and the prevailing view was that human memory (where it goes beyond the operant or classical conditioning also seen in animals) depends entirely on words, on inner or subvocal speech in one's native tongue: the common code was taken to be a verbal code.
However, given that Paivio conceives of his verbal code to be embodied as natural language, inner speech, there seems to be no reason to think that it is incoherent to combine a propositional view of imagery with a form of Dual Coding Theory, as Baylor (1972) and Kieras (1978) have proposed.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com