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This study aims to assess the influence of commercial sex venues on consistent condom use among female sex workers (FSWs) and to examine associations between individual and venue level factors and consistent condom use with clients.
To examine whether such variations can be captured on a venue level we experimented with an on-line prediction task, where the goal was to predict relative changes with respect to historic patterns of a venue.
On the venue level, temporal dynamics and the spatial configuration of urban activities has helped decide where to geographically place new retail facilities [12, 13] as well as to power mobile applications such as local search [14] by exploiting place temporal dynamics.
This suggests that dependency related to nesting at the venue level actually reflects the homogenous racial make-up of participants in the same venue, and that the venue-level differences are completely conditioned on race differences at the individual level, for which we had already adjusted in our earlier models.
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Characteristics at both individual and venue levels helped to explain the observed variation.
Certain venue-level factors exerted their influence on condom use over and above the effect of individual-level characteristics.
Dependency related to venue-level nesting was small, but notable (intraclass correlation = 0.08).
However, this dependency was fully explained by race – such that when the individual-level race variable was included in a mixed model partitioning the drinking outcome into both individual-level and venue-level variances, the parameter estimate for the venue-level variance became zero.
The results of the current study were similar to Moriskey [ 23] in 2011, which indicated that CCU in the Philippines and Hong Kong was significantly associated with interpersonal and venue-level factors.
Other studies in China have shown that lack of a supportive work environment is associated with increased sexual risk among sex workers [ 29, 31] and that venue-level support for prevention programs is necessary [ 14, 32, 33].
To corroborate this, our sensitivity analyses (data not shown) revealed the significant p-values from earlier models remained so, providing further support that venue-level nesting likely has minimal influence on the overall findings.
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