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Traditionally, ventricular pacemaker leads are positioned at the RV.
TTE revealed a large vegetation on the ventricular pacemaker lead.
Traditionally, ventricular pacemaker leads are positioned at the right ventricle (RV).
A transesophageal echocardiogram showed thickening of the left coronary aortic valve, and thrombotic material was seen on the ventricular pacemaker lead.
During step 1, patients scheduled in the device clinic for regular check-up and device optimization were included and stimulation from the atrial or ventricular pacemaker leads was performed at a rate of 80b.p.mm.
During a half-year study period, inpatients with overridden DDI alerts regarding QT prolongation and with an electrocardiogram recorded before and within 1 month of the alert override were included if they did not have a ventricular pacemaker and did not use the low-risk combination cotrimoxazole and tacrolimus.
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Outpatients, patients with ventricular pacemakers, transplanted patients treated with the low-risk combination of tacrolimus with cotrimoxazole (class 2 and 4), patients who were long-term users of QT-prolonging drugs with unknown start dates or who were no longer using the combination were excluded.
If not, other interventions such as home health, close medical observation or devices such as pulmonary arterial catheter, implantable cardioverter defibrillator, and bi-ventricular pacemaker should be taken into consideration.
Moreover, generation and characterization of cardiomyocyte subtypes such as atrial, ventricular and pacemaker cells in vitro is essential for their application in pre-clinical and clinical testing.
More recently, Nam et al. [ 26] demonstrated that in vitro GHMT reprogramming of fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes resulted in a range of phenotypes, including immature forms of atrial, ventricular, and pacemaker cells.
Using multiplex immunostaining and patch clamping, the authors first identified unique constellations of cardiac markers and electrical activity that reliably defined atrial, ventricular, and pacemaker cardiomyocyte subtypes in Hcn4-GFP reporter mice, where GFP expression is driven by the promoter of Hcn4, a pacemaker-specific potassium channel gene.
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