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The ventral valve is usually the larger.
Contraction of the adductor muscles closes the valves; in the ventral valve the adductors are located between the diductors.
The shell opens by contraction of diductor muscles that extend from near the centre of the ventral valve to the process under the dorsal beak.
Many hinged brachiopods attach to the substrate, or surface, by a tough, fibrous pedicle; but some specialized forms are cemented to the substrate by the beak of the ventral valve.
Moore, 1952) The brachial and pedicle valves are often called the dorsal ("upper") and ventral ("lower"), but some paleontologists regard the terms "dorsal" and "ventral" as irrelevant since they believe that the "ventral" valve was formed by a folding of the upper surface under the body.
The chaetae fringe the dorsal and ventral valve margins and are generally at their greatest length anteromedially, decreasing in length posterolaterally as they approach the hinge line, where they disappear entirely.
Similar(54)
This measurement was taken at the anterior shell margin, and is interpreted as representing the chaetae from both dorsal and ventral valves, signifying that the valves are preserved closed.
Also of note is the fact that most proteins are found in equal abundance in dorsal and ventral valves (the line of best fit in fig. 5 has a slope of 0.96 and a correlation coefficient of 0.80), and the majority of the peptides we observe does not appear to be significantly affected by the different sodium hypochlorite treatments (the majority of the data is focused on the origin).
For all chaetae-bearing individuals it is interpreted that the chaetae from both the ventral and dorsal valves are visible.
Specimens that possess chaetae that are spaced at approximately 20 50 μm intervals, with a maximum total number of 144 chaetae, are interpreted as representing specimens where the chaetae associated with both ventral and dorsal valves are preserved on the same surface.
In some species, there are pores in the pharynx opening to the ventral surface; these contain valves and may allow egestion of any excess water swallowed while feeding.
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