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13 Presence of continuous venting tremor.
The arrows indicate the direction of influence e.g. venting tremor is believed to be a sign of perturbation of the hydrothermal system resulting from magma ascent.
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The coupling between the deformation of the summit vents area with tremor amplitude suggests that the variation in the magma level is related to increasing magma vesiculation, which implies enhanced degassing activity [see also Colò et al., 2010].
Yukutake et al. (2017, 2018) proposed that bursting of gas slugs at the surface of the vent formed the infrasound and tremor observed during the 2015 eruption.
McNutt and Nishimura (2008) investigated the relations between D R and several factors such as vent radius, erupted volume, and tremor time history.
The characteristics of the frequency component that are invariant with time (Fig. 5), concentrated distribution of the tremor sources near the vents (Fig. 9), and time-invariant amplitude ratios (Additional file 2) suggest that the first model is plausible for the volcanic tremor in the present study.
This lag time implies an almost simultaneous occurrence of the inflation in the vents area and the increase in tremor amplitude.
This implies that the variations in the cumulative volume change associated with summit explosions precede both the deformation of the vents area and the associated changes of tremor amplitudes.
Ground deformation in the area of summit vents is positively correlated with both seismic tremor amplitude and cumulative amplitudes of very long period (VLP) signals associated with Strombolian explosions.
According to Mannen et al. (2015), the largest vent 15-1 (Fig. 1b) was formed during this tremor and infrasound activity.
Given the result of the envelope correlation analysis (Fig. 9), which determined that the locations of the sources of the volcanic tremors were near the vents and the surface, the bursting of a gas slug at the surface vent could be related to the generation of the tremor signal without infrasonic waves, as well as to the seismic signals prior to the infrasonic onsets.
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