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Resting insects often exhibit a ventilatory cycle in which the spiracular valves severely limit gas exchange.
Four intermittent consecutive boli consisting of 10 mL of ice-cold saline were randomly injected over the ventilatory cycle.
This phase II multi-centered, randomized controlled trial of mechanical ventilation directed by esophageal pressure measurement will test the primary hypothesis that using a strategy of maintaining a minimal but positive transpulmonary pressure (Ptp = airway pressure minus pleural pressure) throughout the ventilatory cycle will lead to an improvement in patient survival.
PP variation (PPV) during a ventilatory cycle was used as measure of fluid responsiveness and calculated as; [PPmax-PPmin/ PPmax + PPmin/2)]*100 and is expressed as the mean value for 5 consecutive ventilator cycles [PPmax-PPmin/ PPmax
Oxygenation significantly improves following RMs despite persistent alveolar R/D, suggesting that unstable alveoli participate in oxygenation during the portion of the ventilatory cycle in which they are open [11].
When injured lungs are ventilated without positive expiratory airway pressure, some areas of the lung parenchyma are likely to remain deaerated throughout the ventilatory cycle, others remain open, and yet others open as lung volume increases during inspiration and close in expiration.
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Seven out of eight patients had spontaneous ventilatory cycles.
End-inspiratory and end-expiratory heart beats [ 13] from three ventilatory cycles were analyzed for each condition.
Data obtained during 5 to 10 ventilatory cycles under steady-state conditions just before the start of the hold manoeuvre were stored for subsequent analysis.
Those countermeasures include pharmacologic interventions, such as antioxidative molecules [ 45- 48] or high-dose steroids [ 49], but also ventilatory measures, such as maintaining spontaneous ventilatory cycles during mechanical ventilation [ 50- 52].
In addition, the monitoring and analysis of periodic breathing (defined as repeated ventilatory cycles with a clear respiratory pause of at least 2 seconds between cycles) was included in the study [ 16, 10].
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