The high velocity populations (μ2 and μ3) in P1 were more sensitive to CD and showed a marked increase in quiescence at 60 nM CD (π1).
At the same time the proportion of low MUP velocities increased (skewness increased), and finally the velocities' population made a global move from higher towards lower values, while their standard deviation broadened clearly.
The estimated velocity of the population expansion is then the average of the two estimated velocities.
Estimates of the average velocity of the population expansion over the entire expansion phase are slow, at an average ∼0.16 km per year.
We estimate the velocity of a population expansion (equation 2) statistically by quantifying the slope of the relation between the absolute distance travelled by the expanding population, over the time taken to travel that distance.
Third, we produce a bivariate plot of calibrated dates and distances, and fourth, fit regression models to the upper bound of this relation, thus estimating the rate of change in distance with respect to the change in time, i.e., the velocity of the population expansion.
We verify that if neural dynamics are governed by this Lagrangian, they result in the conservation of the angular velocity of the population vector, and consequently the one third power law.
However, the effective resolution is lowered by the variability of velocities within a population (Fig. 5a,b).
In the present study the success of a male in the competitive fertilization trials was exclusively based on sperm quality (in terms of sperm morphology as we were not able to measure sperm velocity) in both populations.
Monitoring protocols were designed to reduce major uncertainties about the functional relations among flow parameters (e.g., frequency, duration, magnitude, velocity) and fish populations, especially the relationship between periods of stable flow and recruitment of young fishes (Freeman et al. 2001).
