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The effects of time-variable coefficients on the velocity, phase and amplitude are given.
Fig. 1 a Initial distribution function of energetic electrons in the velocity phase space and b distribution of electrons as a function of the kinetic energy.
In addition, identifying of the presence of an electromagnetic electron hole in the velocity phase space is one of the primary goals of the S-WPIA.
The presence of the asymmetric hole in the velocity phase space results in the formation of a net resonant current parallel to the wave electric field.
The PDA filter performs well in constant velocity phase, but degrades seriously and even diverges in maneuvering phase as shown in Fig. 4.
However, as the galloping detonation further decays to the low velocity phase of the galloping cycle, the cellular structure vanishes.
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The distribution functions fs (r, v, t) are defined in position-velocity phase space.
This system will use thrusters to guide the high-velocity phase of the robot's entry into the Martian atmosphere - a technology not available on previous lander missions.
The Vlasov simulation follows the temporal development of distribution functions defined in the position-velocity phase space based on the Vlasov (collisionless Boltzmann) equation.
The Vlasov method, which follows the spatial and temporal developments of distribution functions defined in the position-velocity phase space, is considered to be an alternative to the PIC method.
The polarization azimuths of the maximum-velocity phase and the time delay between the maximum- and minimum-velocity phases are indicated by the direction and length of each bar, respectively.
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