On the other hand, for aggregate traffic multiplexed at a local gateway for the vehicular network, we use a fractional Brownian motion process to model the self-similar traffic and estimate data loss rate and packet delay.
They are used as wireless gateway nodes that interconnect vehicular ad hoc networks and a wired network (i.e., the Internet), providing Internet connectivity to the vehicles.
Such SoS includes wireless river sensors, telecommunication gateways, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), Meteorological Centers, Fire and Rescue Services , Hospital Centers Police Departments, Short Message Service Centers and Social Networks, as described in [8].
On the other hand, video flows from end users within a vehicular network can be multiplexed at a local gateway.
As discussed above, because of the group mobility feature, the ongoing traffic within a vehicular network can be multiplexed at a local gateway and handed over together.
For instance, when a node in sensor network wants to exchange message to a node in vehicular network, it has to be directed to a gateway.
As shown in Figure 1, traffic flows from a vehicular network can be first multiplexed at a local gateway and then relayed to a remote cellular base station.
The left-hand side depicts IEEE 802.11p-based vehicular network where multiple RSUs are connected to a gateway through a backbone network which in turn provides access to the Internet, whereas the right-hand side shows another approach for vehicular networking where the LTE-enabled OBUs or smartphones exploit the already existent LTE cellular infrastructure to communicate over the wireless medium.
The improvement of delivery probability in such environment when mobile ferries are employed is due to the ability of gateways to encounter the three sub networks, namely vehicular, sensor and mobile networks nodes.
