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Vegetative treatment areas (VTAs) are commonly being used as an alternative method of agricultural process wastewater treatment.
Vegetative treatment systems are one potential option, but require performance evaluation for use on concentrated animal feeding operations.
The performance of six vegetative treatment systems on open beef feedlots throughout Iowa was monitored from 2006 through 2009.
These feedlots had interim, National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permits that allowed the use of vegetative treatment systems to control and treat runoff from the open feedlots.
The pre-sowing treatment with a double concentration of the solution (240 mg/l) resulted in a decrease of oxidative processes (19 %), and the pre-sowing treatment combined with vegetative treatment also contributed to the reduction of TBARS (by 10%%).
Pre-sowing treatment in a double concentration (240 mg/l) resulted in a decrease in oxidative processes (19 %), and pre-sowing treatment combined with vegetative treatment also contributed to the reduction of TBARS (10%%).
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The possible causes are 23%, 39%and10%0% increase in the corresponding root biomass of the varieties, resulting in higher water uptake in the vegetative stage treatment plots.
In the high-intensity treatment, vegetative propagules that did not establish were replanted in years three and four.
Dense vegetative biomass in treatment wetlands may restrict water flow and increase water levels, which may in turn have adverse effects on vegetative community structure.
Some duckweeds form starch-rich over-wintering fronds called turions, which can be easily induced from vegetative fronds by treatment of cold shock, starvation, or with abscisic acid [ 26, 27].
Vegetative fronds without ABA treatment and turions with 14 days ABA treatment were fixed, embedded, and dehydrated as described [ 43].
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