No RNA synthesis or RNA containing structures (e.g., nucleolus, heterogeneous nuclear RNPs) can be observed and no genes are detectably expressed in the MIC during vegetative proliferation.
Like the nuclei of somatic cells in multicellular organisms, it is actively transcribed during vegetative proliferation and determines the cell's phenotype.
As the untimely expression of meiotic genes during vegetative proliferation could be destructive, it is presumable that cells strictly separate the mitotic and meiotic cell division programmes.
Moreover, this vegetative asexual proliferation is a much more prevalent way of reproduction, with on average only one meiotic cycle for every 1000 mitotic divisions (Ruderfer et al., 2006; Tsai et al., 2008; Zörgö et al., 2012).
TORC1 promotes vegetative cell proliferation and inhibits nitrogen-starvation responses such as sexual differentiation and amino acid uptake, while TORC2 has opposite roles in these processes (et al., Wullschleger 2006; Weisman, 2010; Ikai et al., 2011).
By ensuring traction of sister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell prior to its division, the complex network of chromosomal proteins described above serves to maintain chromosome numbers during vegetative cell proliferation, during which each round of DNA replication is succeeded by chromosome segregation and vice versa.
The time points analyzed indicated three distinct stages of vegetative SAM growth: an initial proliferation of the stem cell pool where SAM size increased, a maintenance phase where a balance was maintained between organ initiation and SAM maintenance, and finally a second expansion of the SAM in preparation for transition.
Occurrence of diagonal orientation, chromosome stickiness, multipolarity, and unorientation of metaphase chromosomes suggested spindle disturbances in dividing cells both in vegetative and reproductive tissues undergoing abnormal proliferations in rlfL-1 mutant.
TAR1 may also serve to reduce proliferation of petite mitochondria during vegetative growth, where a single mutant mtDNA spreads to fixation within a cell or cell lineage.
The dramatic changes in the cell proliferation status of cells in the vegetative SAM during the floral transition has previously been reported, but has not yet been characterized in molecular terms.
Active impairment of neutrophil recruitment could therefore benefit survival and proliferation of B. anthracis, as both spores and vegetative bacteria are efficiently killed by human neutrophils [29].
