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In this scenario, the genome alterations rapidly spread through a wild animal or plant population and the engineered organisms are self-propagating, thereby enabling the reduction or elimination of disease vectors, pests, and invasive species.
splendens [ 25] have been efficient in regulating vector and pest mosquito populations, both under field and laboratory conditions [ 26].
Community support has been linked to the success (7 ) and failure (8 ) of vector and pest control campaigns.
We evaluated 10 California vector and pest mosquito species' for their ability to become infected with and transmit WNV.
The institutional partnership, among other things, facilitated a transdisciplinary approach to malaria by combining ICIPE's expertise in integrated vector and pest management with the biomedical expertise of KEMRI and the social science and development approaches of Biovision Foundation.
The top 10 applications were deemed to be energy storage, production, and conversion; agricultural productivity enhancement; water treatment and remediation; disease diagnosis and screening; drug delivery systems; food processing and storage; air pollution and remediation; construction; health monitoring; and vector and pest detection and control.
More generally, wild patches can act as stepping stones or refugia for parasitoids and predators of vectors and pests to provide better biological control at the landscape scale (Woltz et al. 2012; MacFadyen and Müller 2013).
Many B. bassiana strains have been selected for vector and crop pest control, including house and fruit flies (Dimbi et al. 2003; Lecuona et al. 2005), mosquitoes (Bukhari et al. 2011; Clark et al. 1968; Garcia-Munguia et al. 2011), ticks (Kirkland et al. 2004), locusts, grasshoppers, and termites (Kassa et al. 2004; Mburu et al. 2009).
The low L1014S allele frequency observed in our field-collected Cx. pipiens pallens populations may be a consequence of mosquito exposure to low concentration of DDT and its metabolites in water and soil from past public health vector and agricultural pest control [41], [42].
Some of the reagents and procedures reported here are easily transferable to other nonmodel species, including other disease vector or agricultural pest insects.
However, these studies have only characterized the protein composition of the seminal fluid in a handful of taxonomic groups and the SFPs of most of the disease vectors and agricultural pest insects have yet to be identified.
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