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This was expected since the VFM instruments exhibit a much lower vector noise level (11 pT/√Hz at 1 Hz) than the ASM vector mode.
For the instrument on Swarm Charlie, the flag-based data selection does not lead to much improvement, revealing a vector noise level significantly higher than expected, given the scalar noise level otherwise measured on this instrument.
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Such spectra negatively interfere with all normalization approaches because they have an erroneously low TIC, vector norm, noise level, and median.
This led to residuals with no bias (since the same sensor is used to infer both the scalar and vector components) and a noise level of σ = 2.3, 2.4, and 4.5 nT for, respectively, Alpha, Bravo, and Charlie (one standard deviation, before any outlier rejection or data selection; see Léger et al. (2015)).
As seen in Fig. 2 and Table 1, the normalization on the TIC, vector norm (RMS), median, and noise level do not significantly change the quantitative information, but they all provide a lower scattering of the mass signals, especially if the signal is of high or medium intensity.
The cross-range image β m of mth range cell can be reconstructed by solving min {leftVert {widehat{beta}}_mrightVert}_1kern1.25em mathrm{leftVertm{y}.kern0.75em {leftVert {y}_m-varPhi varPsi beta rightVert}_2le varepsilon (18 where ( {widehat{beta}}_m ) is the reconstruction of vector β and ε is the noise level.
Noise level notably moderate.
Remarkably low noise level.
The ambient noise level increases.
Noise level, 59 decibels.
Low noise level.
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