The presence of multiple resistance mechanisms within A. gambiae would have considerable implications for the success of vector intervention and the monitoring of ongoing control programs, demanding the development of appropriate tools to monitor resistance in field populations.
To observe the kinetics of antibody responses against P. argentipes saliva in humans during vector intervention, we monitored VL patients immediately before hospitalization (day 0), at the end of their course of drug treatment (day 30), and six months after their discharge (day 180).
These data could constitute a baseline for the design of effective vector interventions, locality-specific for the east and similar for panmictic populations west of the Andes.
4, 8 Current malaria vector interventions such as LLINs and IRS reduce EIR in many malaria-endemic countries, but none of these interventions has managed to reduce EIR to < 1 ib/p/year, 4 except in the Garki Project (which used propoxur for IRS) and reduced EIR only temporarily.
Environmental drivers other than rainfall and temperature will also drive extinction dynamics, and future transmission models should take a more thorough account of variability in a wider range of atmospheric variables, as well as the potentially strong role of factors such as land use, soil type, local topography, and ongoing vector interventions.
In complement to entomological methods, such immunological markers of exposure may be useful in the evaluation of anti-vector intervention strategies.
46, 49 Despite the low overall risk, it should be recognized that individual and household risk is very unevenly distributed and spatially clustered, and most importantly, this heterogeneity may be further exacerbated by anti-vector interventions and multiple host feeding by the vector.
The number of positive houses was 38, 20, and 12 at T0, T2 (two weeks after vector control intervention), and T4 (four weeks after vector control intervention), respectively, and the number of positive breeding sites was 90, 36, and 20 at T0, T2, and T4, respectively.
The number of houses with positive breeding sites (HI) and the number of positive breeding sites decreased progressively from T0 (23.4% before vector control intervention) to T6 (10% six weeks after vector control intervention).
This needs an urgent call for implementing rational resistance management strategies and integrated vector control intervention.
Malaria vector control intervention, in the study area, is similar to other parts of the country relying on IRS with DDT/malathion and use of ITNs/LLINs.
