After mucolytic cocktail removal, FITC was added in the mucosal bath (140 µM final concentration), with or without VCC (1 nM) or protamine (100 mg/l).
Fig. 5 shows that FITC apparent permeability after mucosal exposure to VCC (1 nM) for 60 min was 1.3×10−5±4.4×10−6 cm/sec (n = 4), a value not significantly different from 1.1×10−5±5.5×10−6 cm/sec (n = 4), observed in the presence of VCC vehicle (PBS).
Individual HBE cultures were mounted on Ussing chambers (P2300; Physiological Instruments, San Diego, CA, USA), with custom sliders modified to fit the Transwell inserts, and were continuously short circuited with an automatic voltage clamp (VCC MC8, Physiological Instruments).
In six studies, two interventions were tested at the same time, e.g., MBB or RMI and LSE [24], crib and VCC [27, 28], FR and LSE [36, 37, 40], so the results can be attributed either to one or to the other.
Our recent work revealed that hypoxic response pathway protects C. elegans against PFTs, including VCC [48].
Autophagic bodies were identified inside of cells exposed to VCC [52].
The crude extracts were first fractionated by vacuum quick silica gel 60 (Merck) column chromatography (VCC, 500 ml in size).
An automated voltage clamp unit (voltage-current clamp VCC 600, Physiological Instruments) was used to continuously monitor the transepithelial potential difference (Pd) and the short-circuit current (Isc).
Short circuit current (Isc) was measured by voltage-clamping the transepithelial voltage across the monolayers to 0 mV with a voltage/current clamp (model VCC MC8, Physiologic Instruments) as previously described.
The type of bacteremia: primary 35%: bacteremia/100 patients rate: 1.98; secondary 65%: bacteremia/100 patients rate: 3.68 (respiratory 25%, abdominal 19%, urinary 5%, skin 5%, CNS 2%, catheter 9%: bacteremias/1,000 VCC rate: 0.8).
For some time, it has been known that in human MDMs, HIV-1 buds into and accumulates in surface-connected intracellular compartments, or IPMCs (also termed virus-containing compartments or VCC [ 15, 27]).
