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However, divergent institutional approaches, varying indicators across organizations, and a lack of robust research addressing the underlining relationship between governance and corruption, currently pose challenges to promoting anti-corruption activities, especially in the health sector.
The results for blood Cd in this study are consistent with previous epidemiological findings, all of which found a significant inverse associations between varying indicators of iron status and blood Cd levels [ 24- 27, 30, 31].
The first two indicated the reimbursement regime, with the Compulsory insurance as the reference category and the two other regimes (Supplementary insurance strict and flexible) as time varying indicators taking on value 1 in periods when the regime was in place and value 0 otherwise.
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The Cox model allowed for separate baseline hazard functions for mortality during stay in the intensive care unit compared with after stay, as defined by a time varying indicator of discharge from the intensive care unit.
For example, time varying health indicators could represent an important source of omitted variable bias and these are not captured by a fixed effect approach.
Also Rosholm (2008) finds substantial effects, but he also shows that when controlling for time-varying indicators of treatment all positive effects vanish and some even become negative, the so-called locking-in effect.
Various time-varying indicators of the respondent's own resources were included.
We have explored the implications of this by refitting our candidate models with the inclusion of time-varying indicators for calendar year.
In the epithelium preparation each porphyrinoid was spotted in more than one place, varying the indicator as well as the polymeric solvent amounts.
Because HCV risk associated with IDU may vary depending on duration of IDU [ 7, 12, 36], we defined separate time-varying indicator variables for the reported first year of use, the second or third year, and the fourth or greater year.
In the present case, the institutional context is taken into account by controlling for any factors that affect STW but do not vary over time through the use of country fixed effects as well as by including a time-varying indicator of the stringency of employment protection.
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