A pulse width modulator outputs a uniform frequency square wave with a varying duty cycle.
Taking reverse tapered hole as an example, ECM experiments by varying parameters of voltage, duty ratio and feedrate (called varying voltage machining, varying duty ratio machining and varying feedrate machining, respectively) are carried out.
The corresponding dimensional accuracy of taper angle is improved by 51% than that of varying duty ratio machining under the same efficiency.
Negative pulsed bias voltages between 0 to −4.0 kV were applied with varying duty cycles, at a constant time-averaged bias.
Transmitters operated on varying duty cycles but were standardized for analyses by sub-sampling to a maximum of 6 8 hr on per day, providing from 2.3 (range 1.3 3.6) locations per individual per day in low-latitudes to 5.1 (range 2.6 8.3) in higher latitudes (n = 13,624 locations for all four species combined; Table S2).
Still, it is by varying the duty cycle of a servo's control signal that one commands it to change its position.
The motors in the car were measured to have a 50 Hz PWM frequency and movement was controlled by varying the duty cycle from 5%to10%0%.
This approach offers motor speed control by varying the duty cycle of the chopper instead of changing the inverter firing angle.
The deposition of TiN films was investigated by varying the duty cycles from 2 to 10% to have peak power density ranging from 208 to 1064 W/cm2.
The oxide films fabricated on zirconium by systematically varying the duty cycle and frequency are characterized for its phase composition, surface morphology, chemical composition, roughness, wettability, surface energy, scratch resistance, corrosion resistance, apatite forming ability and osteoblast cell adhesion.
The effects of pulsed microwave discharges on the deposition and properties of a set of polycrystalline diamond films are investigated by varying the duty cycle at a fixed pulse frequency and keeping constant the peak microwave power at 1250 W, the substrate temperature and the final film thickness.
