Sentence examples for various trophic levels from inspiring English sources

These examples suggest that NP can indeed affect species but also species interactions [230] at various trophic levels.

Heavy metals have received considerable attention due to their toxicity, long-term persistence, bioaccumulation, and bio-magnification at various trophic levels (Ololade et al., 2008).

It is referred as a cumulative poison as it leads to biomagnifications at various trophic levels in food chains (Dauvin 2008; Flora et al. 2008; Lombardi et al. 2010).

Our study therefore highlights the potential for such pollutants to have detrimental physiological effects at various trophic levels.

Geographic differences observed at various trophic levels can be due to host-specific differences in ecology and behaviour [17].

Our mechanistic understanding of eutrophication processes has evolved in parallel from simple nutrient-driven relationship to complex models involving various trophic levels and ecosystem-specific features.

When considered separately, four of the six trophic levels showed significant diversity effects on multifunctionality that were not dependent on functions directly mediated by the respective trophic level.

Together, the autotrophs and heterotrophs form various trophic (feeding) levels in the ecosystem: the producer level, composed of those organisms that make their own food; the primary consumer level, composed of those organisms that feed on producers; the secondary consumer level, composed of those organisms that feed on primary consumers; and so on.

Although comparative studies from different tree species are important to determining whether the impact of insectivorous predators on leaf damage is similar within and between temperate ecosystems per se, a next important step is to take environmental heterogeneity and various diversity scenarios across trophic levels into account.

There is evidence that antidepressant treatments have a profound stimulatory effect on the expression levels of various trophic factors.

In order to address the process feasibility under realistic exposure scenarios, thirteen outdoor freshwater mesocosms (unit volume: 3 m3) were designed, each containing phytoplankton (including local blue-green algae species) and various non-target organisms from higher trophic levels (Physa, Lymnaea, Gammarus, and Scardinius erythrophthalmus).