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Midkine is a heparin-binding growth factor that promotes the proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation of various target cells.
Therefore, various target cells with different dielectric properties can be manipulated by controlling the medium properties or the input voltage condition.
This could be explained by the fact that cytokines are involved in extensive networks that involve synergistic as well as antagonistic interactions and exhibit both negative and positive regulatory effects on various target cells.
In multiple studies transgenic mice over-expressing BCL2 in various target cells have decreased apoptosis and improved survival in sepsis [13], [15], [28], [29].
The use of, or even the dependence on, certain cellular factors by HIV-1 can differ between the various target cells such as T cells and macrophages.
Prominent among them are the adhesin genes babA and sabA, which are specific for the LewisB (branched fucose) and inflammation-associated sialyl LewisX glycan receptors, respectively [33], [34]; and other genes also implicated in adherence to various target cells and tissues (although by as yet unknown mechanisms) (hopZ, alpA, alpB, oipA and horB) (Table S2).
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But, in our cold target inhibition experiments, preceding incubation with various target cell lines significantly diminished NK cell activity even against highly susceptible targets such as K562 cells.
MET activation by its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) (also known as scatter factor), leads to pleiotropic effects in various target cell types, including morphogenetic transformation, induction of cell proliferation, cell motility and invasiveness under both normal and pathological conditions.
Indeed, CTL clones specific for PR-3, Survivin and RHAMM recognized various myeloid target cells harboring the activated FLT3 kinase.
Briefly, NK-sensitive K562 cells were labelled with 100 μCi Na2 CrO4 (37 MBq, 1 mCi, Amersham, UK) for 1 h and cocultured with effector cells for 4 h at various effector: target cell ratios in triplicates in 96-well plates (50 : 1, 25 : 12.52.5 : 1, 6.25 : 1).
These cells function as the anterior/posterior organizer, dispersing Dpp protein that induces the expression of various target genes by cells across the disc.
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