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Profiling of CTC for various surface markers and quantifying their degree of overexpression can provide guidance for effective therapy.
Numerous studies have indicated that various surface markers (Table 1) such as CD133, CD90, ALDH, and EpCAM, are used to identify and isolate CSCs in cancer types, and that their expression levels are different from those of other bulk tumor cells (Zhu et al., 2015; Deng et al., 2015; Pan et al., 2015).
In order to characterize BAL cells further, cells were recovered from infected and uninfected controls by high volume BAL and stained for various surface markers after gating on live CD45+ cells (leukocytes) and analyzed for various cell types.
Various surface markers are expressed on EPCs and are used for EPC characterization[3], for example CD34, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) or kinase domain receptor (KDR).
After two washing steps in FACS buffer, cells were incubated again for 30 minutes, at 4°C in the dark, in the presence of fluorochrome-conjugated Ab directed against various surface markers, as well as goat anti-rabbit IgG/PE and donkey anti-goat IgG/PE (both from Jackson Immunoresearch, Soham, Cambridgeshire, UK), respectively.
Freshly isolated or cultured thymocytes were separated into single-cell suspensions and stained for various surface markers.
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PBMCs from 40 HIV-1 positive participants and 22 HIV negative controls were labelled with directly conjugated monoclonal antibodies to various surface activation markers to determine the ex-vivo activation status.
For mouse mammary gland, normal stem cells co-purify with basal cells (using flow cytometry with various cell surface markers) [17], [18].
To investigate the potential effect of miR-34 restoration on tumor-initiating cells in the MiaPaCa2 cell line, we first examined the tumor-initiating cell or cancer stem cell population in MiaPaCa2 cells with various cell surface markers.
We tested a series of antibodies against various cell surface markers and found that a combination of anti-CD11b and anti-F4/80 was most effective for the examination of discrete populations of cells.
To characterize the immune response we investigated cellular phenotype and proliferation in PBMC from Cohorts 1 and 2. Proliferation was measured using Ki67, an intracellular marker which labels cells that traversed the S-phase of the cell cycle (past 2 3 days) in combination with various cell surface markers to identify T cells (CD3+) and B cells (CD3-, CD20+, HLA-DR+).
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