Various reflexes (e.g., sneezing) and defense mechanism (e.g., neurogenic inflammation) are associated with the stimulation of free nerve ending of the trigeminal nerve in the nasal cavity.
Additionally, we used Poisson regression to test the association between blood lead and the number of abnormal reflexes and multiple logistic regression analysis to test the association between various reflexes and dichotomized values of blood lead as described in the succeeding sections.
There are 4 groups of airway sensory receptors innervated by vagus nerve: slowly adapting receptors (SARs), rapidly adapting receptors (RARs), high-threshold Aδ-receptors (HTARs)and C-fiber receptors (CFRs) [ 21- 24], that participate in various reflexes such as coughing and sneezing, and in respiratory and cardiovascular performance [ 21, 22].
In his earlier plays, Williams relied on various autobiographical reflexes — about his birthplace, his family, his sense of himself as a perennial outsider — to carry his characters through the emotional thickets in which they often became tangled.
The reticular formation plays not only a role in sleep and arousal, but also in attention, muscle tone, movement and various vital reflexes (Carlson, 2007).
For example, synaptic STD or LTD in brainstem NTS [ 160- 162] may provide the habituation or monophasic differentiator effects in various cardiorespiratory reflexes [ 3, 138] (see Fig. 4).
Afferent nerves comprise many sensors at the terminals in the gut related to visceral mechano-, chemo-, and noci-receptors; when excited, these sensors may trigger various visceral reflexes that regulate GIT functions, including appetite [ 8– 10].
Among various causes, trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR) is the most common.
By testing various brain-stem reflexes, moreover, the functions of the brain stem can be assessed clinically with an ease, thoroughness, and degree of detail not possible for any other part of the central nervous system.
Figure 1 depicts the various interactions between reflexes which are supposed to be operative during exercise.
