This REACH study was a randomised, Phase 3, multinational, clinical trial in patients with brain metastases from various primary cancers, which tested whether the addition of efaproxiral to WBRT (plus supplemental O2) would improve survival compared to WBRT (plus supplemental O2) alone.
The role of Hsp90 in cancer has received much attention in the past decade, because it is upregulated in various primary cancers and functions as an integral part of the machinery that allows cancer cells to escape normal regulation (Pick et al, 2007).
Table 3 shows the odds ratios for the various primary cancer sites, taking brain cancers as the reference group.
Stat3 signalling is oncogenic and is required for the transformation of various primary cancer and tumour-derived cell lines.
Several other early-phase clinical trials have shown PDT is capable of ablating various primary human cancers, including breast, prostate, bladder, and lung cancer [ 2, 9, 10, 15, 17, 18, 24, 27, 29, 38].
A number of studies have found significantly increased risks of various second primary cancers in SCC patients (Frisch and Melbye, 1995; Levi et al, 1997; Wassberg et al, 1999; Askling et al, 1999; Hemminki and Dong, 2000; Hemminki et al, 2001; Efird et al, 2002).
Thus, SCS as an ideal tool has been increasingly applied to reveal intratumor heterogeneity in various primary tumors, such as breast cancer [6, 49, 74], lung cancer [75], brain cancer [76], colon cancer [33, 77], bladder cancer [78], acute myeloid leukemia [79, 80] and melanoma [81].
Affected individuals in this sample had cancers at various primary sites: the breast, cervix, colon, endometrium, thyroid gland, skin (melanoma), ovary, and pancreas (Fig. 1a).
GIPC1 and GIPC2 mRNAs are expressed in OKAJIMA, TMK1, MKN45 and KATO-III human gastric cancer cells, and in various primary gastric tumors [15], [16].
More recently, aCGH analysis of various primary tumors, including lung, colorectal, pancreatic and gastric cancers, gliomas and testicular germ cell tumors, also detected amplification of chromosome 12p [ 41- 46].
Cancers of various body sites were analysed in a separate group if they averaged more than 100 eligible first primary cancers per year.
