Therefore, T-ICs are present in various proportions in primary breast tumors.
Affected individuals in this sample had cancers at various primary sites: the breast, cervix, colon, endometrium, thyroid gland, skin (melanoma), ovary, and pancreas (Fig. 1a).
Furthermore, it is overexpressed in various primary human carcinomas (breast, lung, colon, gastric, pancreas, ovary, cervix, endometrium, and testis) [ 30, 31], suggesting a role in tumorigenesis, particularly in angiogenesis and invasiveness [ 28, 31].
Thus, SCS as an ideal tool has been increasingly applied to reveal intratumor heterogeneity in various primary tumors, such as breast cancer [6, 49, 74], lung cancer [75], brain cancer [76], colon cancer [33, 77], bladder cancer [78], acute myeloid leukemia [79, 80] and melanoma [81].
RAD51 is involved in HR, and quantification of nuclear RAD51 foci has also been used to evaluate HR in various cell systems including primary breast tumors (Willers et al., 2009).
Several other early-phase clinical trials have shown PDT is capable of ablating various primary human cancers, including breast, prostate, bladder, and lung cancer [ 2, 9, 10, 15, 17, 18, 24, 27, 29, 38].
We evaluated this class of vectors in various established breast cancer cell lines, primary breast cancer cells and finally in the most stringent preclinical available substrate system, constituted by precision cut tissue slices of human breast cancer and liver.
In this report, we use the real-time quantitative PCR (Q-PCR) technique to assess the amplification of AIB1 gene in various breast cancer cell lines and primary breast tumors.
In addition, randomised studies have shown that TAM is able to reduce the incidence of primary breast cancer in various settings: (high-risk patients [ 6- 8] and hysterectomised low-risk patients [ 9]).
