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Ultimately, once a predominant model has been identified for a given pleiotropic effect, long-term studies would be needed to evaluate the relative contributions of various pleiotropic effects to cardiovascular risk reduction.
In addition, Ris manifested various pleiotropic effects such as mitochondrium swelling, disorganization of reservosomes and of the kinetoplast, vacuolization of the cytosol, premature induction of autophagy, and prevention of amastigote to trypomastigote differentiation.
OPP showed non-toxicity and various pleiotropic effects in mice.
However, there remain many gaps in our understanding about various pleiotropic effects of these antihyperglycaemic drugs.
Previous studies have suggested that cilostazol has various pleiotropic effects, such as NO dependent vasodilation, antiplatelet action, and improvements of endothelial dysfunction as well as antiinflammatory, antiproliferative, and antioxidative effects [ 3, 4].
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In practice, however, there are various types of pleiotropic effects on multiple traits.
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and exerts pleiotropic effects on various cellular functions.
We recently generated a novel chimeric form of the 4-1BBL costimolecule molengineeredneered with core streptavidin (SA-4-1BBL) andemonstrateded its safe and pleiotropic effects on various cells of the immune system.
Vitamin D deficiency is presumed to increase morbidity and mortality by its pleiotropic effects on various organ system functions and its effects on innate and adaptive immunity [2, 12, 23].
Butyrate appears to have pleiotropic effects on various biological processes.
Single mutations can have pleiotropic effects on various organs.
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