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COX-2 is not universally expressed by all tissues but can be induced by various pathologic stimuli, such as inflammation, cytokines and various growth factors produced by tumour cells [ 8- 10].
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Chemokines themselves are released in response to cell activation by diverse cytokines and pathologic stimuli [ 3].
The ligamentum flavum may undergo various pathologic changes, including hypertrophy, calcification, ossification, and cyst formation.
Histamine assumes an important role as a major mediator in various pathologic disorders associated with inflammation and immune reactions.
Cell-based approaches using tissue engineering and regenerative medicine techniques have offered new therapeutic opportunities for various pathologic conditions.
Finally, a major question remains: how pathologic stimuli are communicated to the mitochondria, affecting their function and how these organelles in turn orchestrate a cellular response to stress conditions.
Cartilage lesions are not unusual, even in young patients [1], and are often found during arthroscopic procedures performed when such patients have various pathologic conditions [2, 3, 4].
Objectives: Improper balance between the production of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs), and antioxidative defense system have been defined as oxidative stress in various pathologic conditions.
Various pathologic processes may lead to clinically significant opacification or discoloration of the optic component of intraocular lenses (IOLs) manufactured from different biomaterials and in different designs.
Changes in glycans have been detected and implicated in various pathologic conditions [23], [26].
In a pathology fellowship training program, where visual microscopic skills are paramount, learning modules for various pathologic diseases are created.
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