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After the discovery of the glutamic acid-producing bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum by Japanese researchers, the production of amino acids, which are primary metabolites, has been achieved using various microbial cells as hosts.
Numerous examples of immobilization of various microbial cells in alginate beads can be found in the literature, for example, the immobilization of Debaryomyces hansenii for xylitol production [ 11, 12] or of S. cerevisiae for ethanol production [ 13].
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There are various microbial cell factories used in industry, the most common ones being the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the fungus Aspergillus niger and the bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.
The matrices include proteoglycans, sclerotinized structures and mucus in animals, external tests and capsules of various microbial eukaryotes, and cell walls and waxes of plants and fungi.
Up to now, there have been a number of reports on biocatalytic reduction of ketones using microbial cells in various IL-containing reaction systems, where the catalytic performances exhibited by the biocatalysts were closely related to the cation and anion types of ILs, and the effect of various ILs on the biocatalytic reactions has been found to vary widely [ 25, 27, 29- 31].
We developed an electrophysiological method for measuring the vectoriality and kinetics of light-induced charge movements within rhodopsin molecules in suspensions of Escherichia coli cells expressing various microbial rhodopsins (8).
Our group has recently hypothesized that the presence of serological responses to various microbial antigens (e.g. phosphopeptidomannan cell-wall component of Saccharomyces cerevisiae [ASCA], glycans or complex gut bacterial protein lysates [OMP Plus™]) might be reflections of the sustained systemic exposure to the constituents of the gut microflora due to enhanced bacterial translocation [16].
Further emerging developments focus on sorting FISH-identified cells for subsequent single-cell genomics and on the direct detection of specific genes within single microbial cells by advanced FISH techniques employing various strategies for massive signal amplification.
Bacteria display various microbial patterns that can potentially be recognized by host cells.
However, the mechanism of HBD-2 induction by various microbial products that elicit antimicrobial defense through TLRs in epithelial cells has not been elucidated.
Increased IgA at the surface of microbial cells of CD patients coincides with the over-representation of various bacterial proteins with a high immunogenic potential in CD patients.
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