HiPSCs have already been shown to be able to differentiate into various lineages, such as cardiac [40], pancreatic [41], hepatic [42], epithelial [6], [43], [44], neuronal [45] [47], adipose [48], and endothelial and hematopoietic [6], [11], [49] [51].
In addition to ancient polyploidy events, more recent, species-specific WGDs/WGTs occurred in various lineages, such as genome triplications in B. rapa[ 48] (Br-α WGT), T. hasslerania (Th-α WGT) [ 44, 49] and the Solanaceae Tomato Genome [ 50].
They have the ability to differentiate into various cell lineages, such as osteogenic, adipogenic, chondrogenic, neurogenic, myogenic, dentogenic, and cementogenic[21].
These findings have important implications for not only explaining the loss of SOX2 expression in gastric cancers, but also for understanding the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of SOX2 in other various cell lineages, such as ES cells.
The HNOB domain is found in various bacterial lineages such as cyanobacteria, proteobacteria and low GC Gram-positive bacteria.
The MSCs can differentiate into various mesenchymal lineages such as skeletal myoblasts, chondrocytes, adipose tissue, and cardiomyocytes in vitro [ 68– 70].
The occurrence of gene conversion between sex chromosomes has been described in various mammalian lineages such as primates and felids (Slattery et al. 2000; Rosser et al. 2009; Trombetta et al. 2014), including ZFX/ ZFY.
Recently, sex determination mechanisms have also been demonstrated in various insect lineages such as Diptera (Musca domestica and Ceratitis capitata), Hymenoptera (Apis mellifera and Nasonia vitripennnis) and Coleoptera (Tribolium castaneum).
Molecular biology techniques provided unequivocal support for the presence of cellulase genes in various metazoan lineages such as arthropods (crustaceans and insects), annelids, ascidian chordates, echinoderms and molluscs [ 42, 49].
Some studies suggested a grouping of microsporidia with various fungal lineages, such as the ascomycetes, the basidiomycetes, the zygomycetes, or Rozella a chytridiomycete (e.g., Keeling et al. 2000; Keeling 2003; Thomarat et al. 2004; Gill and Fast 2006; James et al. 2006).
In contrast, significantly lower expression was detected in Shp2−/− than in wt EB cells at day 10, for genes that are predominantly expressed in various differentiated cell lineages, such as Nestin (in ectoderm), Brachyury (T) and Desmin (in mesoderm), and Gata4, Myf5 and Mef2C (in endoderm) (Figure 2D).
