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It was first identified in the mosquito Culex pipiens and has been most studied for the broad range of reproductive phenotypes that it induces in its various hosts, including cytoplasmic incompatibility, feminization, parthenogenesis, and male killing [6], [7].
PIV5 was later isolated from various hosts, including humans, dogs, pigs, cats, and rodents.
When the MLVA was applied to serovar Australis isolates three large clusters were distinguishable, each comprising various hosts including Rattus species, human and canines.
The family Herpesviridae includes nearly two hundred viruses isolated from various hosts including molluscs, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals and at least one invertebrate.
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There are >100 Sarcocystis spp. known and most have been isolated from muscle tissues of various intermediate hosts, including mammals, birds, and reptiles.
They have been detected in or isolated from diverse vertebrate hosts, including humans (1 – 3 ), various intradomicillary mammals (4 – 7 ), and a wide range of wild animals (8, 9 ), which serve as natural vertebrate hosts.
The study [ 3, 4] describes the propagation mechanism of T. gondii in various hosts worldwide, including several aquatic mammal species, where it may provoke abortion and lethal systemic disease.
Influenza A virus infects various host species including birds, swine, and humans.
CD36 is an 88 kDa integral membrane protein found on various host cells including endothelium, monocytes and platelets.
Previous studies both in vitro and in vivo have shown that Wolbachia infection may affect the expression of various host genes, including those associated with immunity, fertilization, and development [21] [23].
L. monocytogenes uses various host proteins, including some internalins to adhere and to invade the host cells.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com