The pituitary gland plays an enormously important role in human development, the maintenance of various essential physiologic functions, and aging and senescence.
Protein kinases are an important class of proteins which are involved in various essential cellular functions, including signaling, growth, development and homeostasis [1 3].
PI4KIIα is involved in various essential cellular functions, including membrane trafficking (Salazar et al. 2005; Wang et al. 2007, 2003), signal transduction (Li et al. 2010; Minogue et al. 2006; Pan et al. 2008), and the exo-endocytic cycle of synaptic vesicles (Guo et al. 2003).
The ubiquitin/proteasome system (UPS) is known to mediate intracellular protein degradation for misfolded, damaged and key regulatory proteins involved in various essential cellular functions such as transcription, stress response, cell cycle, cell differentiation and DNA repair [28].
Selenium is an essential oligoelement that replaces the sulfur atom of some methionine and cysteine in proteins involved in various essential cell functions [ 15].
A number of such complexes are known to operate in various essential cellular functions (e.g. the spliceosome, SRP, snoRNPs, 7SK-TEFb [ 1] and others).
The nucleotide exchange factors (Mge1 in yeast and GrpEL1 in humans) regulate the exchange of nucleotides from mtHsp70s, thus operating the molecular chaperone cycle in connection with various essential physiological functions in the event of mitochondria biogenesis (29, 32).
Both miR-203 and ING1b are evolutionally conserved across several species and can have essential functions in various cancer types (Soliman Riabowol, 2007; Craig et al, 2011; and Li et al, 2011).
Nanoscale observation of beetle's attachment systems has revealed various exquisite multiscale architectures for essential functions such as wing fixation, crawling, mating, and protection from predators.
