To further expand the application of the LoAD system, we additionally examined the enhancement of other types of genome editing by accumulating various effector proteins.
Since a number of studies showed that Rab GTPases carry out their functions through the recruitment of various effector proteins (Allan et al., 2000; Sugawara et al., 2009; Ljubicic et al., 2013; Sugawara et al., 2014), we used mass spectrometry to identify Rab1A effectors that can maintain Golgi stability.
The activity of ERK2, an essential component of MAP-kinase pathway, is under the strict control of various effector proteins.
While β-catenin mediated activation of TCF/LEF-1 requires robust activation of the Wnt pathway [9], the transcriptional activity of the Wnt pathway (i.e., β-catenin stabilization and/or TCF/LEF-1 activity) can be modulated by various effector proteins at the level of the membrane, cytosol and/or nucleus [5], [6], [10], [26], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35], [36].
However, it has been suggested that increased interaction of the CMT2B associated Rab7 mutants with various effector proteins notably Vps13C and ORP1L might result in an increase in the fraction of Rab7 Cmutantsthats that is active, but slow the transport of signaling endosomes and/or fusion with lysosomes by reducing temporal progression [16].
Pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, and nematodes, deliver various effector proteins into host tissues [ 5- 8].
The pathways to these various structures involve diverse effector proteins and may be separately regulated by GEFs such as Vav [ 106], and triple functional domain containing protein (TRIO) [ 100, 107].
A 2-fold in vivo affinity increase between the GTPase Cdc42 and its various effector-proteins was reported in HeLa cells.
Moreover, the changes in gene expression seen in infected cells can be correlated to known effects of various T3SS effector proteins.
Small GTPases of the RHO clade, including opisthokont Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 and plant Rop, participate in the control of cell polarity, motility and also invasive growth via their interaction with various effectors, including protein kinases, actin nucleators, secretory pathway regulators and phospholipases [ 77- 79].
In their GTP-bound form, Rab GTPases recruit effector proteins of various types, including membrane tethering factors, phosphatases, kinases, and cytoskeletal motors.
