The similarity in the nucleotide sequence of the polypeptide genes, and pseudogenes, of both the α and β gene families indicates that they are all homologous that is, that they have arisen through various duplications and subsequent evolution from a gene ancestral to all.
Most gene families in plant genomes seem to be organized in several large clusters of highly homologous genes, most likely resulting from various duplication events.
Using this ensemble, we derive the probabilities of various duplication scenarios.
Although related species are generally grouped together, such as the Cyanobacteria and the Firmicutes, the tree is inconsistent in several respects with the consensus phylogeny based on ribosomal and other core genes [ 23] suggesting prokaryotic paraslipin has encountered various gene duplication and lateral transfer events.
It has been shown that the origin of the plant miRNAs is dependent on the occurrence of various duplications, probably followed by chromosomal rearrangements and loss of duplicated genes [ 24, 49, 62, 63].
To study the evolution of I2 homologues from different sub-loci, a distance tree was constructed using approximately 2.5 kb sequences of I2 homologues (their 3′ parts were excluded due to various duplications) from tomato (16), potato (39), pepper (9) and N. sylvestris (18) and N. tomentosiformis (11) (Additional file 2: Figure S3).
They presented phylogenetic evidence that the 30 Abpa genes in the mouse genome fall into five ancestral clades, and they estimated the ages of various duplications in each clade which they calculated from the age of Mus.
In Fig. 5, we show the performance of refinement algorithm with various inferred gene duplication and loss histories, compared to that with the true history.
Together with an explicit recognition that existing genes do not appear de novo, but are derived from pre-existing genes through duplication and various types of recombination events (see above), Muller's morphs could provide students with a relatively simple and coherent framework within which to consider the effects of mutational change.
They are often the result of various genomic copying processes, principally duplication and retro-transposition.
