These homeodomain genes encode transcription factors that, via regulation of various downstream genes, are capable of imprinting positional identities on to distinct body domains along the anterior-posterior axis of the animal.
Because Pax6 can regulate the expression of various downstream genes (Holm et al., 2007; Numayama-Tsuruta et al., 2010), we hypothesized that centrosomal instability during INM may be due to dysregulation of certain centrosomal molecule(s) in Pax6-deficient conditions.
For example, the combination of SDF-1 α and CXCR4 activates various downstream genes including Akt, ERK and FAK, which subsequently stimulates expression of some proteins that are related to proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis of cancer cells (Liang et al, 2007a, 2007b; Zhao et al, 2008; Shen et al, 2010).
One of the mechanisms by which the AP2 family fulfills their roles is to activate or suppress various downstream target genes at transcriptional levels.
Forkhead box O (FoxO) transcriptional factors regulate various downstream target genes, including those involved in cellular differentiation, growth, survival, the cell cycle, glucose and lipid metabolism, stress, and the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [ 16].
Activated p53 protein has various downstream targets, including genes involved in cell-cycle regulation, apoptosis, and DNA repair.
The subsequent association between different SH2 domain containing signaling molecules and phosphorylated tyrosine residues engages various downstream signaling cascades, gene transcription events and various cellular behaviors, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, actin reorganization and chemotaxis [15], [22].
Various downstream pathways and catabolic genes redundancy were predicted to be the reason consortium CY-1 hasuchch a high degree of functional redundancy (Chen et al. 2017; Dopheide et al. 2015).
For example, small groups of signal transduction (S) genes functioning in perception and response to specific internal or external cues may initiate expression of larger groups of genes acting in transcriptional and post-transcription regulation (T) of still larger numbers of downstream genes in various biochemical pathways (B) that ultimately affect phenotype.
By regulating the stability of hub proteins, Hsp90 is able to buffer their downstream genes in various pathways.
Previous studies have indicated that TTG1 could interact with other MYB and basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors to form MYB-bHLH-WD40 ternary complexes that regulate the expression of other downstream genes involved in various developmental processes18,19,20,21.
