Often the names of the varieties themselves reflect their origin: for instance a variety collected in Apau Ping that was named after another village along the Bahau river (P. Pulut Long Tebulo), a variety collected along the Bahau river named after a village in another region (P. Long Liyo), and a variety that was named after another region (P. Krayan).
For comparison, fermentation of NGM from white grapes of the Arinto variety collected from the ISA vineyards, supplemented with SO2 (50 ppm), was carried out as described previously (Viana et al. [2012]).
In contrast, dates from the second collection were mostly North African varieties collected fresh from the trees and local markets.
Within the two world collections of O. sativa and O. rufipogon and the 51 local rice varieties collected in Japan (Supplementary Table 1), only five japonica varieties (Koshihikari, Ginbouzu, Morita Wase, Ishijiro, and Himenomochi) contained the same single mutation as that of Nipponbare.
Biological evidence from weedy rice and native varieties collected from 1905 1920 also supports the existence of temperate japonica rice as the major cultivated form in the region.
Notably, 12 varieties collected in Apau Ping in 2005 were not found in 1993, indicating a rapid introduction of landraces from outside of the village.
The results obtained show that there are significant differences in the TPC values of the Rosa canina L. varieties collected on different locations throughout Transylvania.
We further examined the point mutation within 51 local varieties collected in Japan and found that five local japonica varieties ("Koshihikari", "Ginbouzu", "Morita Wase", "Ishijiro", and "Himenomochi") had the same mutation as that of Nipponbare.
A collection consisting of 192 rice accessions was used in this study, which consist of land races and varieties collected from nine different states of India as well as from Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Colombia, Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan, Uruguay, Venezuela and United States (Table 6).
The average PIC values at the seven SSR loci in this study and the previous study were 0.59 and 0.78, respectively, suggesting that relatively high levels of polymorphisms were observed among local varieties collected from one country.
A trained sensory panel employed descriptive sensory analysis, an objective tool, to characterize and analytically measure the flavor (aromatics, taste, mouthfeel) and texture of premium and second best varieties collected from nine rice-consuming countries.
