It is first presented as applying only to the divergences taking place at the varietal level, with varieties represented by the small lower-case letters within species A L of a "wide ranging genus," with the horizontal time coordinates measured in terms of a limited number of generations.
Our hypothesis rested on the assumption that this variation was due to geographic or host isolation and that this would probably be best interpreted at the varietal level, as reported previously amongst the 'Cordyceps' species associated with ants [2], [8], [9], [10].
MR: conducted all the experiments to establish chloroplast variation at varietal level.
Polymorphisms at the varietal level have been detected in the trnD-T locus [ 18], but only one polymorphism in this locus was found within a set of 12 cultivars [ 19].
The epithet ' isiaca', referring to the borders of the ancient Egyptian Empire, is also frequently used for the Mediterranean Phragmites both at the subspecific and the varietal level, to define the limit of the distribution range of European Phragmites (Hultén and Fries 1986).
In 1930, 'Kutto-urupe', which was described as a Korean native cultivar, was found to be more susceptible than other cultivars by field observation without artificial inoculation (Nagai and Hara 1930); this was the first report that showed varietal differences in BS resistance levels.
Mr. Mattina said his customers, too, can make any mix, although he creates the actual recipes "based on acid and sugar levels and the varietals".
As Karp reports, farmers do not have the incentive or are too fatigued to sort fruit by varietal, much less track field-level statistics.
We suggest that high levels of intra-varietal genetic polymorphism in the third group may reflect the method employed for breeding these cultivars (e.g. population rather than linear methods of selection).
However, by analysing large datasets describing the interaction between wheat and wheat leaf rust across the whole of France, Papaïx and colleagues (Papaïx et al. 2011) established a link between field resistance levels of varieties and varietal composition across the landscape.
