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During coupled phases of both stimulation and sine perturbation, impedance variations were extracted using the mono-contact electrode type for certain frequencies, e.g. 2.941 kHz, and were temporally coherent with the previous recorded CAP.
Single-nucleotide variations were extracted from the mapping using SAMtools' varFilter.
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For example, an ambiguity might arise when minimum range variations are extracted from the radar data.
The temporal variations are extracted as absolute difference between the pixel signal and the background estimation (20).
To analyze phase shift gradients through and within the different layers of the solar cell, line profiles (Fig. 5a, b) of the phase variation were extracted perpendicular to the layer stack within the boxes (A(_{1}), A(_{2}), B(_{1}), B(_{2})) marked in Fig. 4a, b.
Three factors accounting for 73.8 % of the variation were extracted.
Six factors accounting for 69% of the variation were extracted from principal-component analysis.
The first two principal components, which explain nearly 90% of the total variation were extracted from the covariance matrix.
Two principal components (PCs) explaining a combined 96% of the variation were extracted from the di-nucleotide variables that were related to average recombination rate.
To guarantee each pixel has the same number of neighbors/surrounding pixels, the image is first symmetrically extended before feature extraction as shown in Fig. 7. Pixel intensity variation was extracted vertically and horizontally, equally weighted at every location.
Additional information on the impact force variation is extracted in the present analysis by using a linear spring damper contact model.
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