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These findings suggest that M. tuberculosis uses mechanisms other than antigenic variation to evade T cells.
Products of var genes appear on the surface of infected erythrocytes and are involved in antigenic variation to evade host immunity.
Borrelia recurrentis, the etiologic agent of louse-borne relapsing fever in humans, has evolved strategies, including antigenic variation, to evade immune defence, thereby causing severe diseases with high mortality rates.
Members of the PfEMP1family are diverse in sequence, and only one member is predominantly expressed in a given developmental cycle, thus allowing antigenic variation to evade the host immune response [3].
Biological viruses can mutate rapidly, create novel pathogenic and transmission routes, and develop antigenic variation to evade host immunity.
Trypanosoma brucei causes human African trypanosomiasis and undergoes antigenic variation to evade its mammalian host immune attack.
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Such variations seem to be involved in phase variation, an adaptation strategy to evade immune responses and degradation [ 3].
The Lyme disease spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, uses antigenic variation as a strategy to evade the host's acquired immune response.
This coat prevents attack by components of the innate immune system and, by undergoing antigenic variation, allows the parasite to evade a specific immune response by the host.
This phenotypic variation might allow pathogens to evade the immune system, as well as to increase the probability that a fraction of a clonal population survives changing conditions [ 19].
Well-documented examples include antigenic variation in parasites and fungi to evade adaptive immune responses, viral evasion of immune detection, and phase variation in bacterial pathogens [ 1- 5].
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