Sentence examples for variation systems in from inspiring English sources

This article describes representative examples of antigenic variation systems in human pathogens, including capsule switching in Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae, pilin antigenic variation in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, variant surface antigen (VSG) switching in Trypanosoma brucei, and antigenic drift and antigenic shift in influenza A viruses.

As with enhanced phenotypic variation systems in other pathogens, often referred to as contingency gene systems, the spontaneous phenotype switches that underpin antigenic variation appear to occur through inherent instability of a DNA sequence upstream of VSG.

The VSG antigenic variation system in the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei illustrates how gene families can be used to create phenotypic diversity within a population of eukaryotic parasites [ 39- 46].

Precedents for such a stable circular intermediate come from both integron-mediated gene exchange [ 41], which requires an integrase that is not known to co-occur with Rhs, and from the pilus antigenic variation system in Neisseria, in which recombination between pilE and the silent pilS genes does not involve a site-specific integrase but instead utilises the host RecA machinery [ 42].

We found only one ecological factor, plant life history, which significantly explained variation across systems in the reproductive benefit plants gained from ant protection.

The variation in systems in use is concerning, and standardization and interoperability need to be addressed.

Similar to the experiments, we study variation in system dynamics in response to variations in the noise intensity and in a critical control parameter as the systems approach their stability margins.

Once validated, the model can be used to study the effects of variation in system inputs, differences in initial conditions and changes in the structure of the system.

In real-time operation, the diagnostics system catches a variation in system performance and then performing fault isolation and identification.

Finally, the variable "effort-tolerant" was significant for explaining preference variations for payment systems in both hospitals and general practice.

Preliminary results demonstrate the applicability of the dynamic test methodology to any reactor type, elucidating the variation in system response characteristics in different reactor concepts.