coefficient of variation (standard deviation/mean).
The results showed relatively higher variation (standard deviation of 1.5 and above) in consumer concerns for food price, global climate change, and greenhouse gas emissions.
Wide variation (standard deviation) in grain and extent among studies suggests that researchers either used some factor not considered here to select scale, or made decisions of the scale on pragmatic grounds, rather than on the appropriateness of the scale to the variables.
Fig. 3 Boxplots of monthly mean PM2.5 concentration (n = 9) in Nanjing over the 534-day study period, including the differences between a weekdays (Monday–Friday) and b weekends (Saturday and Sunday) Fig. 4 Spatial changes in the mean and variation (standard error (SE)) of PM2.5 concentration over four seasons during the study period from July 2013 to May 2015.
The inverse distance weighted (IDW) method was used in the spatial interpolations with the exponential distance of 12 and 9 as the number of points Fig. 5 Spatially interpolated mean and variation (standard error (SE)) of PM2.5 concentration above/below the 75 μg m−3 threshold during the study period from July 2013 to May 2015.
Setting aside the data for intended slopes of 0.0, the coefficients of variation (standard deviations/means) for the other 48 points (eight intended slopes X 6 vector lengths) are smaller for the Whittle estimates (t(47) = 9.04, p < 0.0001, d = 2.64).
Genes with low variation (standard deviations <0.2) across samples were also excluded from analysis, since, for these genes, experimental noise may markedly contribute to variation.
We selected the time series with significant variation
The coefficient of variation (standard deviation / mean) varied between 14 and 28%, reflecting deviating opinions between panel members about the relative importance of criteria.
Data analysis showed that the coefficient of variation, standard deviation and error were within acceptable ranges for most of the cytokines (see Table 4 for more details).
This scenario is also supported by the fact that the highest values of phenotypic variation (standard error) of bill depth and width in F. coelebs and F. teydea populations are reported on Gran Canaria [13].
