The Latin Square design has two features to reduce variation: removing the tow-to-tow variation by deploying the experimental and standard nets simultaneously; and removing the different efficiencies of the nets by swapping codends and averaging consecutive pairs of tows on the same net.
These manipulations consisted of: removing pitch variation, removing the (very) low-amplitude parts (e.g., low-amplitude parts of stop closures), temporally reversing the individual syllables, equalizing the average amplitudes of the syllables, and, again, spectral rotation of all the materials.
The map had the regional geomagnetic field and the effects of diurnal magnetic variations removed.
The methylation data were then preprocessed and technical variations removed via peak-correction using the Bioconductor IMA (Illumina Methylation Analyzer) package.
For example, SDANN (standard deviation of the average NN interval calculated over 5-min intervals within the entire period of recording) is a measure of longer term variation because the beat-to-beat variation is removed by the averaging process.
In step (a), the amount of variation in the response categories used for each item [ 9] was considered and items demonstrating too little variation were removed.
If the values of R0′ show a systematic variation with, say, coordination number or oxidation state, a different value of b should be tried until the systematic variation is removed (if this is possible) though this step is frequently omitted.
For each storm, the baseline of secular variation was removed from the original magnetic observation in each station.
To compare our tree-ring data with MJ relative humidity except for this variation, we removed the lower-frequency component from both datasets with 57-year high-pass filter.
Sharp IPT brightenings (short timescale brightenings) were apparent for S II and S III, especially after DOY 40. Figure 3c presents an aurora light curve with spectral binning applied over the range of 90 147 nm (apparent variation was removed).
