The second method is based on Mahalanobis distance and measures the amount of variation relative to the variability in the data set; features of shape that are relatively invariant are more heavily weighted, so that this measure can be interpreted as a measure of the degree to which shapes or shape asymmetries are unusual [27].
This reduction in variance is large if the block-to-block variation relative to the total variation is small.
GTV segmentation based on PET/CT greatly reduces inter-observer variation relative to segmentation on CT alone[11 13] by discriminating between atelectasis, necrosis, and viable tumor.
We focus on the Spanish language proficiency coefficient SP, since the coefficients for the remaining covariates of the model present very little variation relative to the previous OLS estimates.
In this methodology, the configuration modification is regarded as an inverse eigenvalue problem in which necessary changes of a set of configuration parameters are determined for achieving a desired natural frequency variation relative to the original design value.
The probability of a non-positive variance component is large precisely in those situations where a random-blocks analysis is useful – that is, when the block-to-block variation, relative to the total variation, is small.
The presence of two states of the nitroxide spin-label with different relaxation times is evident, particularly in the dispersion spectra, which are expected to exhibit enhanced sensitivity to lineshape variation relative to absorption.
By systematically increasing within-experiment variation relative to between-experiment variation, heterogenization tended to improve reproducibility compared to standardization.
recANg also showed a slightly, but not statistically significant, higher level of pilus phase variation relative to strain recAEc.
It therefore represents an ideal measure to determine how heterogenization affected within-experiment variation relative to between-experiment variation [34].
We evaluated variation relative to individuals, and renditions for eight of the same features that were used in the regional analysis (Table 1 and Table 2).
