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We review five fundamental concepts: the population-sample construct, variation, probability, randomness, and causation.
Let I k (t)=A k (t)−V k (t), where I k (t)∈{−m V,⋯,0,1,⋯,m A }, and let ({pi _{i}^{k}}=P(I_{k}(t)=i)) denote the corresponding kth user queue-length variation probability distribution.
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Sequence conservation varies continuously with solvent accessibility [31], and hence there may still be significant variation in the mutation probabilities within all residues we considered exposed or buried.
Plots of pairwise probabilities of conspecificity demonstrate this (via off-diagonal variation in probability when ordered by a single tree; Figure 5).
Despite this variation, class probability estimates always perform best.
Variation in probability of sensed data formats in a cluster.
In this paper, the mean value, coefficient of variation and probability distribution of the effective elastic modulus and Poisson ratio are computed taking into account the material microstructure.
Moreover, a statistical understanding of variation and probability is seen as essential to having an accurate interpretation of how evolution occurs (Gould 1996).
Figure 4 uses the same simulation setup as that in Figure 3 and depicts the variation of probability of missing the global optimal, with the number of iterations.
Authors have pointed to a statistical understanding of variation and probability as essential to an accurate understanding of evolution (Gould 1996).
The SDA makes it possible (1) to estimate the local variation in probability of presence and (2) to characterize the impact of the infrastructure in terms of global variation in presence and of distance of disturbance.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com