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A variation predicted to have a stronger effect on splicing occurs at the boundary between intron 23 and exon 24, associated with rs4821480.
This allowed us to identify (non-coding) susceptibility-associated variation predicted to influence binding of TFs associated with co-expression networks in specific cell types.
Aside from one truncating mutation (Suzuki, et al., 2009) all of the mutations on which these assertions rest are based on sequence variation predicted to have no functional consequence.
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These results suggest that some concurrent variations predicted to be damaging could be nsSNPs that affect protein function less severely than missense mutations.
For variations in group [Ch], the proportion of variations predicted to be damaging was high (63/135; 46.7%), and the average allele frequency was relatively low, compared to those predicted to be neutral (Figure S2).
Finally, when the predicted functional impact of the variations was considered, no enrichment in variations predicted to be damaging was observed in any of the three study groups: ASD (5/10), controls (3/6) and HGDP (3/5).
We also found that some variations predicted to be damaging, such as rs16941 and rs2020873, showed strong evidence for positive selection (either an integrated haplotype score >2 or <−2 [34]) (Table S5).
When we analyzed the damaging effects predicted by Poly Phen the proportion of variations predicted to be 'possibly' damaging was larger than that predicted to be 'probably' damaging in the HapMap dataset (19.1% vs 14.6%), while the proportions were almost the same in the dbSNP dataset (18.0% vs 18.9%).
At present the tools for the study of genome-wide regulatory sequence variations are limited, leading researchers to focus on variations predicted to alter genomic regions with well developed annotation - protein-coding sequences.
We selected four candidate variations to be likely dysfunctional based on three criteria: (i) nonsynonymous coding variations that cause a missense or nonsense change, (ii) variations located in the polymerase core domain (amino acid residues 1 to 445), and (iii) missense variations predicted to be deleterious or damaging on protein function by SIFT and Polyphen.
The vast majority of the observed variation was predicted to have no impact on the efficaciousness of a protein vaccine incorporating a single variant of SP0148, SP1912 and/or SP2108 from S. pneumoniae TIGR4.
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