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CHART: Change in retail sales from January 2003: 3-month moving average, adjusted for seasonal variation, population growth and inflation, shown in 2009 dollars; Building materials: stores Peaked in early 2006, with housing prices.; Computer stores: When the Nintendo Wii was released, sales at computer stores soared.
For this study, I used five nuclear microsatellite loci and the cytochrome-b region of the mitochondrial genome to quantify levels of genetic variation, population substructure, and patterns of gene flow in M.c.
With sample sizes much larger than in previous studies, we were able to make inferences about levels of variation, population structure and recent population history in this virus, leading us to question whether it should be regarded as a static evolutionary lineage.
Therefore, we isolated 20 microsatellite markers from M. spicatum for use in investigations of genetic variation, population genetic structure, and evolutionary history of this cosmopolitan submerged species.
To distinguish between phenotypically plastic and inherited variation, population genomics are widely used to test for the genetic basis of adaptive divergence [ 28].
Introduced species usually exhibit changes in genetic variation, population structure and phenotypic characteristics due to selective pressures that do not occur in conditions of demographic equilibrium, which may reflect previous evolutionary histories, stochastic events and selection (Keller and Taylor 2008).
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During periods of reduced expressed genetic variation populations would respond to phenotypic selection slowly.
In many studies of practice variations, populations are arbitrarily divided according to hospitals, regions, counties, or countries.
Variance is partitioned into among group variation, among population variation and within population variation.
Genetic variation and population structure among the four southern populations were examined in several analyses.
Moreover, allometric shape changes among populations are aligned with allometric variation within populations, indicating that shape variation among populations is an indirect response to changes in body size.
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