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Fig. S3 and Table S3 show the expected levels and variation of trait heterosis for each of the 7 scenarios under 3 types of gene action.
A total of 21 IRILs were selected such that they represented the largest possible variation of trait values for SP5.
Therefore, understanding the potential for coselection requires that we consider epistatic variation of trait and selective effects.
More generally, variation of trait or selective effects depending on genetic background (epistasis) constrains our ability to translate in vitro results to real-world scenarios, because evolving pathogenic populations will differ genetically from laboratory strains.
In section 'Environmental variation of trait and selective effects', we come back to the issue of trait effects other than rate and yield that lead to selective effects and discuss how resistance mechanisms can impact gene expression and regulatory responses to stressful conditions.
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Epistatic QTL mapping identified several pairs of QTLs that significantly contributed to the variation of traits.
Explain the mechanism of microevolution in the origami bird using the five terms: DNA, mutation, variation of traits, survival rate, and natural selection.
The following three questions were included in the discussion handout: 1. Explain the mechanism of microevolution in the origami bird using the five terms: DNA, mutation, variation of traits, survival rate, and natural selection.
Canalization is often quantified as variation of a phenotype among individuals that share genetic or environmental backgrounds [6], [7], [8], using measures for group-level variation of traits of interest.
A total of 77 QTLs controlling 11 traits were identified explaining from 1.8 to 17.2% of the variation of traits.
However, these polymorphisms only account for a fraction of the genetic variation of traits like protein yield.
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