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Welfare agencies possess a high degree of discretion in individual sanction decisions, which results in substantial regional variation of sanction rates.
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We analyze this question by exploiting the variation of regional sanction regimes as instrumental variables to estimate the LATE of sanctions on the individual employment probability.
Therefore, the sanction strategy influences caseworkers' actions and, consequently, creates variation in the use of sanctions across welfare agencies.
Alternatively to using a uniform distribution, we constructed hypothetical sanction dates for the non-sanctioned individuals by imaging the observed distribution of sanction dates among the sanctioned individuals.
We suggest that one possible rationale behind this form of sanction is targeting group-specific deterrence.
Or some variation of that.
One variation of always is invariably.
Then there is another variation of biomimicry.
The Breyer variation of the Spanish.
Further, when variations and changes take place in the design of sanctions, they tend to trigger counter-sanctions.
Another reason was that we wanted better geographical representation, and therefore decided to cover a larger area for our 2011 interviews in order to capture local variations within the district (i.e. the type of sanctions that had been introduced against home birth).
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