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This enabled us to test the following hypotheses: first, that the variation of escape behaviour in individuals is relatively constrained and that inter-individual variation increases the apparent overall scope for variability; and second, that there is a performance cost associated with variability in escape behaviour.
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Figure 1 shows the time variation of the escaping mass of the atmosphere and vapor cloud, which is computed on this assumption.
Fig. 1 Time variation of the escaping mass on the present-day Earth by the vapor expansion under the same condition as in Newman et al. (1999) (mvap:1 × 1016 [kg], evap:5 × 1023 [J/kg]).
Given that X-linked escapee genes display tissue-specific variation in degree of escape (Berletch et al., 2015, Sheardown et al., 1996), the correlation between XIST and KDM5C expression may be cell-specific.
Many unicellular pathogens use antigenic variation to escape adaptive immune responses in the host.
Another important observation concerns the variation in the degree of escape from gene to gene and, for certain genes, between XEN cell lines.
They can even undergo antigenic variations to escape the immune response of its host [ 46, 47].
We found between-individual variation in the selective advantage of escape variants even at the same epitope, consistent with variation in the strength of the CTL response against the same epitope in different people or with variation in the nature of compensatory mutations between escape events.
Inter-individual variation in behaviour (Fig. 1) magnified the variation in the overall sample of escape responses pooled across individuals (Fig. 2).
This suggests that a high level of variation in escape behaviour is associated with a performance cost (Fig. 3; Table 2).
Their mutational variations to escape antiviral medication could be lethal, thus limiting the apparition of drug-resistant strains.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com