Sentence examples for variation of effector from inspiring English sources

Overall, we suggest that copy number variation of effector genes constitutes a heretofore unrecognized source of genetic adaptation and plasticity for the evolution of oomycete pathogens.

Haas et al proposed that these gene-poor repeat-rich loci are dynamic regions of the genome that underpin the evolutionary potential of P. infestans by promoting genome plasticity and enhancing genetic variation of effector genes.

The production of 'matched sets' of chimeric mAbs confirmed the expected inter-class and inter-subclass variation of effector function, enabling the selection of the appropriate C region for a particular therapeutic task and the birth of 'designer' mAbs [ 11, 12].

Knowledge of which effectors are essential, with either minor or major contributions to pathogenicity, will aid in understanding the impact of endogenous silencing and expression variation of effectors.

For example, strains that are pathogenic on the same host species can have divergent effector complements (Almeida et al. 2009; Baltrus et al. 2011; O'Brien et al. 2011), suggesting that P. syringae lineages are able to adapt to a given environment using multiple variations of effector repertoires (Lindeberg et al. 2012).

Although these multi-domain proteins usually possess similar DNA-binding domains, it is through variation of the effector-binding domain that response and binding is adapted to a range of ligand types.

The aim of the global regulation is to modify the effect of the variation of the metabolite effector concentration of the local regulator on the module synthesis.

This study expands the repertoire of reverse genetics tools available for P. infestans research, and provides insights into a possible mode of variation in effector expression through spread of silencing from adjacent retroelements.

Thus, the massive redundancy and the high level of intra- and inter-specific variation of RXLR genes provide a diverse reservoir of effector capability to meet the ever changing selective pressures imposed by plant immune systems.

Third, an experiment was conducted for evaluating the difference between the linear approximation and the variation of characteristics across the end-effector.

Much of the variation in gene number has been attributed to differences in families of effector proteins that modulate interactions with plants [ 52].