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Level of adaptive activity is rated from 0: nothing – lying thinking sleeping sitting etc. to 4: time period filled with a variety of demanding independent activities requiring significant motivation and planning and with some variation in tasks, e.g., work.
The variation in tasks and stimuli used in previous studies of syntax may, in part, account for the lack of consensus on exactly which regions of the left inferior frontal gyrus are activated for syntactic processing, and how necessary this activation is to support syntactic function in general.
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The researchers suggest that other elements of life in bee colonies may be affected by variation in task thresholds among the individuals.
The first experiment measures baseline individual learning strategy in a two-armed bandit environment with variation in task difficulty and temporal fluctuation in the payoffs of the options.
Baseline hematocrit fraction (Hct) is a determinant for baseline cerebral blood flow (CBF) and between-subject variation of Hct thus causes variation in task-based BOLD fMRI signal changes.
We found that the variation in task implementation in different occupations is related both to within-occupation wage dispersion and to cross-occupation wage levels: workers in high-wage occupations are less defined around a typical worker than those in other occupations.
The measure of learning time controls for time to first contact, and so these differences cannot be attributed to variation in task salience or neophobia to the task.
In this study, measures of functional and effective connectivity in the motor system were calculated based on three sources of variation: inter-subject variation in task activation level; within-subject variation in task-related responses; and within-subject residual variation after removal of task effects.
Moreover, it has become clear that interindividual variation in, for example, MRS-measured GABA levels relate to variation in task performance in a number of regions.
Notably, these earlier studies did not independently control performance, making it difficult to disentangle variation in metacognitive ability from variation in task performance per se.
These theoretical approaches have in common that one should exploit rather than eliminate variation in task performance to yield optimal learning effects in terms of retention and transfer.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com